In this regard, metal nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention as colorimetric sensors because of their simplicity and efficiency. With the increasing use of dithiocarbamates in agriculture, there is need for the design of highly sensitive discriminatory and speedy method for their determination. being sensitive advanced techniques, they are cost effective, time-consuming, have lengthy processing, and require special additives. Most commonly dithiocarbamates are determined by CS 2 evolution procedure being lengthy and a less-sensitive method. Numerous analytical techniques have been employed to determine the pesticides such as chromatography, flow-injection method, spectrometry, polarography, biosensor and also through advanced techniques, LC–MS, LC–MS/MS, GC–flame photometric detection, MS, hydrophilic injection liquid chromatography (HILC) and HPLC–DAD. Due to all these, determination of these DTCs pesticides is taken into consideration to alleviate them from exposure to human beings and water contamination. The vast use of these pesticides has raised some environmental noxiousness and health antipathetic effects leading to chronic health problems, organ toxicity, effects on central and peripheral nervous system and thyroid functioning. Another category belonging to DTCs is tetramethylthiuram disulfide which comprises thiram pesticide. Dithiocarbamates are categorized in different classes on the basis of their carbon skeleton and properties such as ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDTC) comprises of mancozeb, nabam, metiram, zineb, and maneb: propylenebisdithiocarbamate (PEBDTC) comprises of propineb: dimethyldithiocar-bamate (DMDTC) includes ziram, ferbam. In this regard the amount consumed annually is estimated between 25,000 and 35,000 metric tons. They have wide spread applications in rubber manufacture, antioxidants, as antislime in paper making and also in production of sugar. ĭithiocarbamates are one of the frequently used sulfur-containing organic compounds. In this regard various methods have been established to synthesize CuNPs by alternating the suitable parameters and under inert atmosphere.
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One of the major problems in utilizing CuNPs in sensor application is their susceptibility to oxidation when exposed to air. Furthermore, low cost and easy availability of copper as compared to precious metal Au, Ag, Pt offers it as a suitable candidate. However, colorimetric applications of copper nanoparticles are rarely found. Currently, copper is gaining application in the fields of medicines, optics, electronics, antimicrobial, nanofluids, efficient catalyst in production of lubricants and conductive films. Due to wide applications of noble metal nanoparticles, numbers of methods have been developed to synthesize NPs with variation in shape, size and topography. The distinctive optical properties of the noble metallic nanoparticles (Au, Ag, and Cu) have made them an irresistible prospect in miscellaneous applications, comprising of biotechnology, electronics, optical devices, sensors, catalyses as well as in pharmaceuticals and in textile. The method was used for the analysis of DTCs spiked tap water, tomato extract, mango juice, and recoveries of DTCs were obtained within 95.8–108.5% with relative standard deviation within 0.14–1.11%.
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The designed method yielded very rapid and organized procedure for detection of DTCs with minimal sample preparations. The probe indicated very susceptible and selective colorimetric detection of DTCs within the range of 97.9–489.3 ng/ml, 8.8–44.1 ng/ml and 8.4–42.4 ng/ml for Ziram, Zineb and Maneb. Sudden change in color from reddish wine to yellow was noted visibly and monitored on spectrophotometer, FTIR, EDX, zeta potential and DLS. Probe was used competently for colorimetric sensing of Ziram, Zineb, and Maneb belonging to the DTCs group of pesticides. Further Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques were employed to reveal the interaction, functionality, surface characteristics and particle size. Localized surface plasmon resonance band of the prepared sensor was scanned by UV–visible spectrophotometer. The probe was prepared in aqueous solvent using CTAB and hydrazine monohydrate. In this report an expeditious, manageable and uncomplicated advancement has been demonstrated in the field of nanoparticles for sensing dithiocarbamates (DTCs) Ziram, Zineb, and Maneb pesticides in environment and juice samples using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-capped copper nanoparticles (CTAB-Cups) as colorimetric probe.